Root System

The root is non-green, cylindrical descending axis of the plant that usually grows into the soil (positively geotropic). It develops from the radicle which is the first structure that comes out when a seed is placed in the soil. Root is responsible for absorption of water and nutrients and anchoring the plant. I. Characteristic features

• Root is the descending portion of the plant axis.
• Generally non-green in colour as it lacks chlorophyll.
• Does not possess nodes, internodes and buds (Exception in sweet potato and members of Rutaceae, roots bear buds which help in vegetative propagation)
• It bears root hairs (To absorb water and minerals from the soil)
• It is positively geotropic and negatively phototropic in nature.

II. Regions of root

Root tip is covered by a dome shaped structure made of parenchymatous cells called root cap.

1. Meristematic Zone
2. Zone of Elongation
3. Zone of Maturation

I. Tap root system

Primary root is the direct prolongation of the radicle. When the primary root persists and continues to grow as in dicotyledons, it forms the main root of the plant and is called the Tap root. Tap root produces lateral roots that further branches into finer roots. Lateral roots along with the branches together called as secondary roots.

II. Adventitious root system

Root developing from any part of the plant other than radicle is called adventitious root. It may develop from the base of the stem or nodes or internodes. Example: Monstera deliciosa, Piper nigrum. In most of the monocots the primary root of the seedling is short lived and lateral Table 3.1: Root zones

stateDiagram-v2 RootModification TapRoot AdventitiousRoot Storage MechanicalSupport VitalFunction Others Conical Fusiform Napiform TuberousRoot PropRoot StiltRoot Pneumatophore FoliarRoot ClimbingRoot SuckingRoot ButtressRoot PhotosyntheticRoot RootModification --> TapRoot RootModification --> AdventitiousRoot TapRoot --> Conical TapRoot --> Fusiform TapRoot --> Napiform AdventitiousRoot --> Storage AdventitiousRoot --> MechanicalSupport AdventitiousRoot --> VitalFunction AdventitiousRoot --> Others Storage --> TuberousRoot # Potential additional states for other categories MechanicalSupport --> PropRoot MechanicalSupport --> StiltRoot VitalFunction --> Pneumatophore VitalFunction --> FoliarRoot Others --> ClimbingRoot Others --> SuckingRoot Others --> ButtressRoot Others --> PhotosyntheticRoot

roots arise from various regions of the plant body. These are bunch of thread-like roots nearly equal in size which are collectively called fibrous root system generally found in grasses. Example: Oryza sativa, Eleusine coracana.

Root performs two kinds of functions namely primary and secondary functions.

Primary function

1. Absorb water and minerals from soil.
2. Help to anchor the plant firmly in the soil.

Secondary function

In some plants roots perform additional functions. These are called secondary functions. To perform additional functions, structure of roots are modified.

I. Tap root modification

a. Storage roots

1. Conical Root

These are cone like, broad at the base and gradually tapering towards the apex. Example: Daucus carota.

2. Fusiform Root

These roots are swollen in the middle and tapering towards both ends. Example: Raphanus sativus

3. Napiform Root

It is very broad at the apex and suddenly tapers like a tail at the base. Example: Beta vulgaris

b. Breathing root

Some mangrove plants like Avicennia, Rhizophora, Bruguiera develop special kinds of roots (Negatively geotropic) for respiration because the soil becomes saturated with water and aeration is very poor. They have a number of breathing pores on pneumatophores for exchange of gases.

II. Adventitious root modification

a. Storage roots

1. Tuberous root These roots are swollen without any definite shape. Tuberous roots are produced singly and not in clusters. Example: Ipomoea batatas. 2. Fasciculated root These roots are in cluster from the base of the stem Example: Dahlia, Asparagus. 3. Nodulose root In this type of roots, swelling occurs only near the tips. Example: Maranta (Arrow root) Curcuma amada (Mango ginger), Curcuma longa (Turmeric) 4. Moniliform or Beaded root These roots swell at frequent intervals giving them a beaded appearance. Example: Vitis, Portulaca, Momordica. 5. Annulated root These roots have a series of ring- like swelling on their surface at regular intervals. Example: Psychotria (Ipecac)

b. Mechanical support

1. Prop (Pillar) root These roots grow vertically downward from the lateral branches into the soil. Example: Ficus benghalensis (banyan tree), Indian rubber. 2. Stilt (Brace) root These are thick roots growing obliquely from the basal nodes of the main stem. These provide mechanical support. Example: Saccharum officinarum, Zea mays, Pandanus and Rhizophora. 3. Climbing (clinging) roots These roots are produced from the nodes of the stem which attach themselves to the support and help in climbing. To ensure a foothold on the support they secrete a sticky juice which dries up in air, attaching the roots to the support. Example: Piper betel. 4. Buttress root In certain trees broad plank like outgrowths develop towards the base all around the trunk. They grow obliquely downwards and give support to huge trunks of trees. This is an adaptation for tall rain forest trees. Example: Bombax ceiba (Red silk cotton tree), Ceiba pentandra (white silk cotton tree), Delonix regia, Bombax.

c. Vital functions

1. Epiphytic or velamen root

Some epiphytic orchids develop a special kind of aerial roots which hang freely in the air. These roots develop a spongy tissue called velamen which helps in absorption of moisture from the surrounding air. Example: Vanda, Dendrobium.

2. Foliar root

Roots are produced from the veins or lamina of the leaf for the formation of new plant. Example: Bryophyllum, Begonia.

3. Sucking or Haustorial roots These roots are found in parasitic plants. Parasites develop adventitious roots from stem which penetrate into the tissue of host plant and suck nutrients. Example: Cuscuta (dodder), Cassytha, Orobanche (broomrape), Viscum (mistletoe), Dendrophthoe.

4. Photosynthetic or assimilatory roots Roots of some climbing or epiphytic plants develop chlorophyll and turn green which help in photosynthesis. Example: Tinospora, Trapa natans (water chestnut), Taeniophyllum.