Frog - Rana hexadactyla## Frog - Rana hexadactyla About 360 million years ago, amphibians were the first vertebrates to live on land. Amphibians are diverse, widespread, and abundant group since the early diversification. There are about 4,500 species of amphibians. Frog is an amphibian and hence placed in the class Amphibia [Greek. Amphi - Both, bios – life]. The largest order, with more than 3,900

Diploptera punctata, a viviparous cockroach, produces a nutritionally dense crystalline “milk”

to feed their live-born young. It is found in Myanmar, China, Fiji, Hawaii, and India. Scientists think Cockroach milk could be the super food of the future.

Brown-banded Cockroach

cockroaches are larger than the female’s wings. Brown-banded

their eggs in or under

live for 5-6½ months.

American Cockroach

largest cockroach found in houses. Females can hatch up to

Cockroaches don’t develop wings until they become adults.

Cockroaches have been aro COCKROACHES

• Cockroaches are known to carry diseases like dysentery, typhoid and poliomyelitis, as well as gastroenteritis. • Study (NCICAS) – 23 percent to 60 percent of urban residents with asthma are sensitive to the cockroach allergens. • Cockroaches have been implicated in the spread of 33 kinds of bacteria, including E. coli and Salmonella species, six parasitic worms and more than seven other types of human pathogens.

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species, is Anura, which includes the frogs and toads. Rana hexadactyla is placed in the order Anura. Frogs live in fresh water ponds, streams and in moist places. They feed on small animals like insects, worms, small fishes, slugs, snails, etc. During its early development a frog is fully aquatic and breathes like a fish with gills. It is poikilothermic, i.e., their body temperature varies with the varying environmental temperature.

Morphology of Frog

Oriental Cockroach

very dark compared to other cockroaches.

through sewer pipes

dirty places and cooler temperatures than other

cockroaches.

German Cockroach German cockroaches can be found

most common cockroach in the United States. Each German cockroach can live about

100-200 days.

Viviparous Cockroach Diploptera punctata is a species of cockroach in the family Blaberidae. It is one of the few cockroach

species that is viviparous. Adults are chemically

on each side which squirts quinones which can poison or discourage a predator.

und since the time of dinosaurs!

Various inds of

ockroach

Classification

Phylum : Chordata Class : Amphibia Order : Anura Genus : Rana Species : hexadactyla

The body of a frog is streamlined to help in swimming. It is dorso-ventrally flattened and is divisible into head and trunk. Body is covered by a smooth, slimy skin loosely attached to the body wall. The skin is dark green on the dorsal side and pale ventrally. The head is almost triangular in shape and has an apex which forms the snout. The mouth is at the anterior end and can open widely.

Table 4.3: Differences between a Frog and Toa

Characters

Frog

Family Ranidae Body shape Slender Legs Longer Webbed feet present Skin Smooth and mo

Teeth Maxillary and v teeth.

Egg formation Lays eggs in clu

d

Toad

Bufonidae More Bulky Shorter Absent

ist skin Dry skin covered with wart like glands.

omerine Teeth absent.

sters. Lays eggs in strings.

yla - External morphology

Order - Anura (Frogs and Toads) Frogs and toads have bodies specially designed

for jumping with greatly elongated hind limbs. Frogs can live in water (aquatic), on land (terrestrial), or on trees (arboreal). Parental care is seen in few species.

|——|——|

| Digits |

External nostrils are present on the dorsal surface of the snout, one on each side of the median line (Figure 4.15). Eyes are large and project above the general surface of the body. They lie behind the external nostrils and are protected by a thin movable lower eyelid, thick immovable upper eyelid and a third transparent eyelid called nictitating membrane. This membrane protects the eye when the frog is under water. A pair of tympanic membranes forms the ear drum behind the eyes on either side. Frogs have no external ears, neck and tail are absent. Trunk bears a pair of fore limbs and a pair of hind limbs. At the posterior end of the dorsal side, between the hind limbs is the cloacal aperature. This is

the common opening for the digestive, excretory and reproductive systems.

Fore limbs are short, stumpy, and helps to bear the weight of the body. They are also helpful for the landing of the frog after leaping. Each forelimb consists of an upper arm, fore arm and a hand. Hand bears four digits. Hind limbs are large, long and consist of thigh, shank and foot. Foot bears five long webbed toes and one small spot called the sixth toe. These are adaptations for leaping and swimming. When the animal is at rest, the hind limbs are kept folded in the form of letter ‘Z’. Sexual dimorphism is exhibited clearly during the breeding season. The male frog has a pair of vocal sacs and a copulatory or nuptial pad on the ventral side of the first digit of each forelimb (Figure 4.16). Vocal sacs assist in amplifying the croaking sound of frog. Vocal sacs and nuptial pads are absent in the female frogs.

Tongue

Vomarine teeth

Maxillary teeth

Nostrils Nictitating

Membrane

Tympanic Membrane

Oesophagus

Glottis

Why three chambered heart of frog is not as efficient has the four chambered heart of birds and mammals?

|——|——|——|

Anatomy

The Digestive System The alimentary canal consists of the buccal cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, duodenum, ileum and the rectum which leads to the cloaca and opens outside by the cloacal aperture. The wide mouth opens into the buccal cavity. On the floor of the buccal cavity lies a large muscular sticky tongue. The tongue is attached in front and free behind. The free edge is forked. When the frog sights an insect it flicks out its tongue and the insect gets glued to the sticky tongue. The tongue is immediately withdrawn and the mouth closes. A row of small and pointed maxillary teeth is found on the inner region of the upper jaw (Figure. 4.17) In addition vomerine teeth are also present as two groups, one on each side of the internal nostrils. The lower jaw is devoid of teeth. The mouth opens into the buccal cavity that leads to the oesophagus through the pharynx. Oesophagus is a short tube that opens into the stomach and continues as the intestine, rectum and finally opens outside by the cloaca (Figure 4. 18). Liver secretes bile which is stored in the gall bladder. Pancreas, a digestive gland produces pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes.

Food is captured by the bifid tongue. Digestion of food takes place by the action of Hydrochloric acid and gastric juices secreted from the walls of the stomach. Partially digested food called chyme is passed from the stomach to the first part of the intestine, the duodenum. The duodenum receives bile from the gall bladder and pancreatic juices from the pancreas through a common bile duct. Bile emulsifies fat and pancreatic juices

digest carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Final digestion takes place in the intestine. Digested food is absorbed by the numerous finger-like folds in the inner wall of intestine called villi and microvilli. The undigested solid waste moves into the rectum and passes out through the cloaca.

Respiratory System

Frog respires on land and in the water by two different methods. In water, skin acts

Anus: The opening at the lower end of the alimentary canal in mammals through which

solid waste leaves the body. Cloaca: The common chamber into which the intestinal, urinary and genital tracts open. It is present in birds, reptiles, amphibians, elasmobranch fishes and monotremes. The cloaca has an opening for expelling its contents from the body and in females it serves as the depository for sperm.

Figure: 4.18 Digestive System of Rana hexadactyla

as aquatic respiratory organ (cutaneous respiration). Dissolved oxygen in the water gets, exchanged through the skin by diffusion. On land, the buccal cavity, skin and lungs act as the respiratory organs. In buccal respiration on land, the mouth remains permanently closed while the nostrils remain open. The floor of the buccal cavity is alternately raised and lowered, so air is drawn into and expelled out of the buccal cavity repeatedly through the open nostrils. Respiration by lungs is called pulmonary respiration. The lungs are a pair of elongated, pink coloured sac- like structures present in the upper part of the trunk region (thorax). Air enters through the nostrils into the buccal cavity and then to the lungs. During aestivation and hibernation gaseous exchange takes place through skin.

The Blood-Vascular System

Blood vascular system consists of a heart with three chambers, blood vessels and blood. Heart is covered by a double-walled membrane

Ventral view

called pericardium. There are two thin walled anterior chambers called auricles (Atria) and a single thick walled posterior chamber called ventricle. Sinus venosus is a large, thin walled, triangular chamber, which is present on the dorsal side of the heart. Truncus arteriosus is a thick walled and cylindrical structure which is obliquely placed on the ventral surface of the heart. It arises from the ventricle and divides into right and left aortic trunk, which is further divided into three aortic arches namely carotid, systemic and pulmo-cutaneous. The Carotid trunk supplies blood to the anterior region of the body. The Systemic trunk of each side is joined posteriorly to form the dorsal aorta. They supply blood to the posterior part of the body. Pulmo-cutaneous trunk supplies blood to the lungs and skin. Sinus venosus receives the deoxygenated blood from the body parts by two anterior precaval veins and one post caval vein. It delivers the blood to the right auricle; at the same time left auricle receives oxygenated blood through the pulmonary vein. Renal portal and hepatic portal systems are seen in frog (Figure. 4. 19 and 4. 20).

ctyla - Structure of Heart

Dorsal View

The blood consists of plasma [60%] and blood cells [40 %] which includes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. RBCs are loaded with red pigment, nucleated and oval in shape. Leucocytes are nucleated, and circular in shape (Figure 4.21). The Nervous System

The Nervous system is divided into the Central Nervous System [CNS], the Peripheral Nervous System [PNS] and the Autonomous Nervous System [ANS]. Peripheral Nervous System consists of 10 pairs of cranial nerves and 10 pairs of spinal nerves. Autonomic Nervous System is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. They control involuntary functions of visceral organs. CNS consists of the Brain and

Spinal cord. Brain is situated in the cranial cavity and covered by two meninges called piamater and duramater. The brain is divided into forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. Fore brain (Prosencephalon) is the anterior most and largest part consisting of a pair of olfactory lobes and cerebral hemisphere (as Telencephalon) and a diencephalon. Anterior part of the olfactory lobes is narrow and free but is fused posteriorly. The olfactory lobes contain a small cavity called olfactory ventricle. The mid brain (Mesencephalon) includes two large, oval optic lobes and has cavities called optic ventricles. The hind brain (Rhombencephalon) consists of the cerebellum and medulla oblongata. Cerebellum is a narrow, thin transverse band followed by medulla oblongata. The medulla oblongata passes out through the foramen magnum and continues as spinal cord, which is enclosed in the vertebral column (Figure 4.22).

Figure: 4.22 Rana hexadactyla – Brain dorsal and ventral view

Excretory system

Elimination of nitrogenous waste and salt and water balance are performed by a well developed excretory system. It consists of a pair of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and cloaca. Kidneys are dark red, long, flat organs situated on either sides of the vertebral column in the body cavity. Kidneys are Mesonephric. Several nephrons are found in each kidney. They separate nitrogenous waste from the blood and excrete urea, so frogs are called ureotelic organisms. A pair of ureters emerges from the kidneys and opens into the cloaca. A thin walled unpaired urinary bladder is present ventral to the rectum and opens into the cloaca.

Reproductive system The male frog has a pair of testes which are attached to the kidney and the dorsal body wall by folds of peritonium called mesorchium. Vasa efferentia arise from each testis. They enter the kidneys on both side and open into the bidder’s canal. Finally, it communicates with the urinogenital duct that comes out of kidneys and opens into the cloaca (Figure 4.23).

Female reproductive system (Figure 4.24) consists of paired ovaries, attached to the kidneys, and dorsal body wall by folds of peritoneum called mesovarium. There is a pair of coiled oviducts lying on the sides of the kidney. Each oviduct opens into the body-cavity at the anterior end by a funnel like opening called ostia. Unlike the male frog, the female frog has separate genital ducts distinct from ureters. Posteriorly the oviducts dilated to form ovisacs before they open into cloaca. Ovisacs store the eggs temporarily before they are sent out through the cloaca. Fertilization is external. Within few days of fertilization, the eggs hatch into tadpoles. A newly hatched tadpole lives off the yolk stored in its body. It gradually grows larger and develops three pairs of gills. The tadpole grows and metamorphosis into an air – breathing carnivorous adult frog (Figure 4.25). Legs grow from the body, and the tail and gills disappear. The mouth broadens, developing teeth and jaws, and the lungs become functional.

Summary Earthworm, Cockroach and Frog show characteristic features in body organization. Lampito mauritii (earthworm) is commonly found in Tamil Nadu, its body is covered by cuticle. It has a long and cylindrical narrow body which is bilaterally symmetrical. All segments of its body are alike except the 14 to 17 segments, which are thick and dark and glandular, forming the clitellum. This helps in the formation of cocoons. A ring of S-shaped chitinous setae is found in each segment. These setae help in locomotion. Earthworm’s development is direct and no larva is formed during development.

Cockroach is a typical cosmopolitan insect and exhibits all the fundamental characteristics of class Insecta. The body of the cockroach is compressed dorso-ventrally,

Economic importance of Frog

• Frog is an important animal in the food chain; it helps to maintain our ecosystem. So ‘frogs should be protected’.

• Frog are beneficial to man, since they feed on insects and helps in reducing insect pest population.

• Frogs are used in traditional medicine for controlling blood pressure and for its anti aging properties.

• In USA, Japan, China and North East of India, frogs are consumed as delicious food as they have high nutritive value.

Adult frog

Young frog

Tailed frog stage

Fore limb stage

Fig

Eggs

Embryo

Hind limb stage

Internal gill stage

External gill stage

Metamorphosis of Frog

ure 4.25 Rana hexadactyla - Metamorphosis

bilaterally symmetrical, segmented and divisible into three distinct regions – head, thorax and Abdomen. The photoreceptor organ of the cockroach consists of a pair of compound eyes with mosaic vision. Segments bear jointed appendages. There are three throacic segments of each bearing a pair of walking legs. Two pairs of wings are present, one pair each on 2nd and 3rd segment. There are ten segments in abdomen. Fertilization is internal. The development of cockroach is gradual through nymphal stages (paurometabolus).

Frogs are cold blooded vertebrates – Poikilotherms. Skin is smooth and moist, Red blood corpuscles are nucleated. Eggs are laid in water. The larvae pass through an aquatic stage before metamorphosing into adult.

Evaluation 1. The clitellum is a distinct part in the

body of earthworm Lampito mauritii, it is found in?

a. Segments 13 - 14

b. Segments 14 - 17

c. Segments 12 - 13

d. Segments 14 - 16

2. Sexually, earthworms are

a. Sexes are separate

b. Hermaphroditic but not self - fertilizing

c. Hermaphroditic and self – fertilizing

d. Parthenogenic

3. State whether the statement is true or false

To sustain themselves, earthworms must guide their way through the soil using their powerful muscles. They gather nutrients by ingesting organic matter and soil, absorbing what they need into their bodies. State wheather the statement is true or false: The two ends of the earthworm can equally ingest soil.

a. True b. False

4. The head region of Cockroach pairs of and shaped eyes occur.

a. One pair, sessile compound and kidney shaped

b. Two pairs, stalked compound and round shaped

c. Many pairs, sessile simple and kidney shaped

d. Many pairs, stalked compound and kidney shaped

5. The location and numbers of malpighian tubules in Periplaneta.

a. At the junction of midgut and hindgut, about 150.

b. At the junction of foregut and midgut, about 150.

c. Surrounding gizzard, eight.

d. At the junction of colon and rectum, eight.

6. The type of vision in Cockroach is

a. Three dimensional b. Two dimensional c. Mosaic

d. Cockroach do not have vision

7. How many abdominal segments are present in male and female Cockroaches?

a. 10, 10 b. 9, 10

c. 8, 10 d. 9, 9

8. Which of the following have an open circulatory system?

a. Frog b. Earthworm

c. Pigeon d. Cockroach

9. Buccopharyngeal respiration in frog

a. is increased when nostrils are closed

b. Stops when there is pulmonary respiration

c. is increased when it is catching fly

d. stops when mouth is opened.

10. Kidney of frog is

a. Archinephros

b. Pronephros

c. Mesonephros

d. Metanephros

11. Presence of gills in the tadpole of frog indicates that

a. fishes were amphibious in the past

b. fishes evolved from frog -like ancestors

c. frogs will have gills in future

d. frogs evolved from gilled ancestor

12. Choose the wrong statement among the following:

a. In earthworm, a pair of male genital pore is present.

b. Setae help in locomotion of earthworms.

c. Muscular layer in the body wall of earthworm is made up of circular muscles and longitudinal muscles.

d. Typhlosole is part of the intestine of earthworm.

13. Which of the following are the sense organs of Cockroach?

a. Antennae, compound eyes, maxillary palps, anal cerci

b. Antennae, compound eye, maxillary palps and tegmina

c. Antennae, ommatidia, maxillary palps, sternumv and anal style

d. Antennae, eyes, maxillary palps, tarsus of walking legs and coxa

14. What characteristics are used to identify the earthworms?

15. What are earthworm casts?

16. How do earthworms breathe?

17. Why do you call cockroach a pest?

18. Comment on the functions of alary muscles?

19. Name the visual units of the compound eyes of cockroach.

20. How does the male frog attracts the female for mating?

21. Write the types of respiration seen in frog.

22. Differentiate between peristomium and prostomium in earthworm.

23. Give the location of clitellum and spermathecal openings in Lampito mauritii.

24. Differentiate between tergum and a sternum.

25. Head of cockroach is called hypognathous. Why?

26. What are the components of blood in frog?

27. Draw a neat labeled diagram of the digestive system of frog.

28. Explain the male reproductive system of frog.

29. Explain the female reproductive system of frog.

30. Differentiate between male and female cockroach?

Cutaneous

Supra – pharyngeal

ganglia

Nephridia

Hermaphroditsm

Gizzard Typhlosole

Peristomium

Clitellum

Body setae

Pygidium

Metameres

Respiratory system

Commissural heart or

lateral heart Circulatory system

Nervous system

Excretory system

Reproduction

Digestion

Morphology

Anatomy

Or

Earthworm

Musculature Longitudinal circular

Concep

Spiracle Cutaneous, Buccal,

pulmonary

Nerve ring, Ganglion

CNS,PNS,ANS

Malpighian tubules Mesonephric, ureotelic

Dioceious Sexual dimorphism, metamorphosis

Smooth, slimy skin

Head and trunk

Nictitating and tympanic membrane

Cloacal aperture

Crop, Gizzard

Muscular sticky tongue, Maxillay teeth and

Vomerine teeth, Liver, Pancreas.

Alary Skeletal

smooth and cardiac

Head, thorax, abdomen

Compound eyes

Biting and chewing type

Exoskeleton

Ostia Truncus arteriosus, Three aortic arches,

nucleated RBC

gan and Organ System

Cockroach

t Map

|——|——|——|——|——|——| | Morphology |MetamerePeristomium |sExoskeletonHead, thorax, abdomenCompound eyes |Smooth, slimy skinHead and trunkNictitating and tympanic membrane |

| ClitellumBody setae |

| Pygidium Biting and chewing type Cloacal aperture |