Plants have the capacity for changing their positions in response to external or internal stimuli, which are known as plant movements.

Movements are basically of two types:

1. Vital movements
2. Physical movements (hygroscopic)

Vital movements are those which are exhibited by the living cells or plants or organs and they are always related to the irritability of the protoplasm. These movements are of two types:

1. Movements of locomotion
2. Movements of curvature

These movements include the movement of protoplasm inside the cell or movement of whole unicellular or multicellular plant body as in Chlamydomonas, gametes and zoospores.

i. Autonomic movements of locomotion The movements arising from internal changes or internal stimuli of plant body is called autonomic movements of locomotion. This movement takes place due to the presence of cilia or flagella and movement of cytoplasm (Cyclosis).

ii. Paratonic or Tactic (induced) movements of locomotion The movements due to external factors or stimuli like light, temperature and chemicals are called paratonic movement of locomotion (Figure 15.11).

In higher plants they are restricted only to bending or curvature of some of their parts. There are mainly two types:

They are

1. Autonomic movement of curvature
2. Paratonic movement of curvature

The movement arising from internal changes or internal stimuli of plant body is called autonomic movement of curvature. This does not require any external stimulus. They are two types: a. Autonomic movement of growth: It is ofthe following types:

Hyponasty: When growth is more on lower surface, petals show curvature on upper side and ultimately the flower becomes closed. Such type of movement is called hyponasty_._

2. Epinasty: When the growth is more on upper surface, petals show curvature on the lower side and ultimately the flower opens. Such movement is called **epinasty. The flower usually opens at high temperature and remains closed at low temperature (Figure 15.12). Plants have the capacity for changing their positions in response to external or internal stimuli, which are known as plant movements. Movements are basically of two types: I. Vital movements and II. Physical movements (hygroscopic) (Figure 15.10).

I. Vital movements Vital movements are those which are exhibited by the living cells or plants or organs and they are always related to the irritability of the protoplasm. These movements are of two types: 3. Nutation: The growth of the stem apices occurs in a zig-zag manner. It is because the two sides of the stem apex alternatively grow more. Such growth movements are called as nutational movements. In some plants nutational movements allow the shoots apex to grow in helical path in upward direction. This movement is called circumnutation. It is commonly found in the stems of climbers of Cucurbitaceae (Figure 15.13).

b.Autonomic Movement of variation: It happens in Indian telegraph plant. (Desmodium gyrans). The com pound leaf consists of a larger terminal and two smaller lateral leaflets. During day time, the two lateral leaflets move upward at an angle of 90° and come to lie parallel to the rachis. Again, they may move downward at 180° so that they are parallel to the rachis. They may again move upward at 90° to come in their original position. All these movements occur with jerks after intervals, each movement being completed in about 2 minutes (Figure 15.14).

The movement arising from external stimulus is called Paratonic (Induced) movements of curvature. They are of two types. 1) Tropic movements 2) Nastic movements (Table 2)

Table 2: Differences between Tropic M Tropic Movements

a. Tropic movements A movement that occurs in response to an unidirectional stimulus is called tropic movement or tropism. There are seven types in tropic movements (Geotropic, Phototropic, Thigmotropic, Chemotropic, Hydrotropic, Thermotropic and Aerotropic)

1. Geotropism The movements which take place in response to gravity stimulus are called geotropic movements. The primary roots growing down into soil are positive geotropic. Primary stems that grow away from soil (against gravity) are negative geotropic. Secondary roots growing at right angles to the force of gravity are Diageotropic. Secondary lateral roots which grow obliquely downwards are Plagiogeotropic. Lateral roots and branches which are not sensitive to gravitational stimulus are Apogeotropic.

2. Phototropism The tropic movement taking place as a response to light stimulus is called phototropism. Some of the plant parts such as stems, branches, leaves and pedicels of flowers move towards the stimulus of light and are said to be positively phototropic

Experiment to demonstrate negative geotropism in aerial stem The Clinostat has a rotating pot like container mounted on an axis rod. A potted plant is fitted horizontally on the Clinostat and rotated slowly which completely eliminates gravity as all the sides of the plant are equally stimulated. If the rotation of the Clinostat is stopped for a considerable period of time then the tip of the stem is observed to curve and grow upwards this proves that the stem tip is negatively geotropic (Figure 15.15).

while others such as roots and rhizoids which move away from the stimulus of light are called negatively phototropic.

b. Nastic Movements When growth movements occur in response to an external stimulus which is not unidirectional but diffused, they are called nastic or paratonic movements of variation. Paratonic variation movements are determined by some external stimuli, light, temperature, chemicals and touch. They are:

1. Nyctinastic movement (or) sleep

movement The diurnal (change in day-night) movements of leaves and flowers of some species which take up sleep position at night are called nyctinastic movements. They are caused by relative changes in cell size on the opposite sides of the leaf base called pulvinus. The movements are attributed to the amount of auxin and K1 ions. The entry of water to the lower side of the pulvinus causes the leaves to stand erect and exit of water causes them to drop. They are of two types:

i. Photonasty The nastic movement caused in response to light is called photonasty or photonastic

Experiment to demonstrate positive phototropism in shoot tips A darkened black box is taken having a small window on one side. A well-watered potted plant is placed inside the box. This is referred to as a phototropic chamber or heliotropic chamber. If the window is kept closed for about 24 hours the plant shows normal growth. If the window is kept opened, it is found after two days that the shoot tip bends and grows towards light proving that it is positively phototropic (Figure 15.16).

Figure15.16 Experiment to demonstrate Photropism

movement. The opening of leaves and flowers during daytime and their close at night is an example. ii. Thermonasty The nastic movement taking place in response to temperature is called thermonasty or thermonastic movement. In Crocus the flowers open at high temperature and close at low temperature.

2. Seismonastic movement This means a response to shaking. The best example is Mimosa pudica (Touch-me-not plant) which is a sensitive plant (Figure 15.17). Such plants respond to stimuli such as touch, blow or metallic shock by folding their leaflets and lowering their leaves .This effect is caused by the movement of water in and out of the parenchymatous cells of the pulvinus (Figure 15.18).

3. Thigmonastic movement The movements found in the leaves of Drosera and Dionaea (Venus fly trap) result in response to the touch stimulus of insects. As soon as an insect sits on the leaf the cilia curve inward to trap the insect and trigger hairs are activated. Similarly, in dionaea, the two halves of the leaf curve upwards along the midrib. These parts of the leaves come to their normal position after the insect has been digested (Figure 15.19).

Physical movements are those which are found in dead parts of the plants and they are not related to any irritability of the protoplasm. They are also called hygroscopic movements or mechanical movements. Dispersal of spores and seeds, dehiscence of sporangia, bursting of seeds and movement of elaters are the examples of physical or hygroscopic movement.